Amendments of Constitution of Bangladesh.

The Constitution of Bangladesh is the supreme law of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It was adopted on November 4, 1972. The constitution establishes a unitary state and a Westminster form of unicameral parliamentary democracy. It was originally written in English and was not translated into Bengali until 1987.Bangladesh's Constitution and all laws are now in both English and Bengali.

Amendments

As of 2015 the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has been amended 16 times.

Summary of amendments:

First Amendment

The Constitution (First Amendment) Act 1973 was passed on 15 July 1973. It amended Article 47 of the Constitution by inserting an additional clause which allowed prosecution and punishment of any person accused of 'genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes and other crimes under international law'. A new Article 47A was also inserted, making certain fundamental rights inapplicabile in those cases.

Second Amendment

The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act 1973 was passed on 22 September 1973. This act: amended Articles 26, 63, 72 and 142 of the Constitution; replaced Article 33; and inserted a new part (Part IXA). Provision was made through this amendment for the suspension of certain fundamental rights of citizens during an emergency.

Third Amendment

The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act 1974 was enacted on 28 November 1974. This amendment altered Article 2 of the Constitution to give effect to an agreement between Bangladesh and India for the exchange of certain enclaves, and the fixing of boundary lines between the two countries.

Fourth Amendment

The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act 1975 was passed on 25 January 1975. Major changes were brought into the Constitution by this amendment:

a presidential form of government was introduced in place of the parliamentary system;
a one-party system was introduced in place of a multiparty system;
the powers of the Jatiya Sangsad were curtailed;
the term of the first Jatiya Sangsad was extended;
the judiciary lost much of its independence; and
the Supreme Court was deprived of its jurisdiction over the protection and enforcement of fundamental rights.

This Act:

amended articles 11, 66, 67, 72, 74, 76, 80, 88, 95, 98, 109, 116, 117, 119, 122, 123, 141A, 147 and 148 of the Constitution;
replaced Articles 44, 70, 102, 115 and 124;
repealed Part III of the Constitution;
altered the Third and Fourth Schedules;
inserted a new part (Part VIA); and
inserted new articles 73A and 116A.

Fifth Amendment

The Fifth Amendment Act was passed by the Jatiya Sangsad on 6 April 1979. This Act amended the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution by inserting a new paragraph 18. The effect of the amendment was that all amendments or repeals made in the Constitution from 15 August 1975 to 9 April 1979 (inclusive) by any proclamation or Proclamation Order of the Martial Law Authorities were deemed to have been validly made, and could not be called into question before any court or tribunal or other authority. (See also the Seventh Amendment.)

Sixth Amendment

The Sixth Amendment Act was enacted by the Jatiya Sangsad on 1 July 1981; it amended Articles 51 and 66 of the Constitution.

Seventh Amendment

The Seventh Amendment Act was passed on 11 November 1986. It amended Article 96 of the Constitution; it also amended the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution by inserting a new paragraph 19, which amongst other things provided that all proclamations, proclamation orders, Chief Martial Law Administrator's Orders, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, Martial Law Instructions, ordinances and other laws made from 24 March 1982 to 11 November 1986 (inclusive) had been validly made, and could not be called into question before any court or tribunal or other authority. (See also the Fifth Amendment.)

Eighth Amendment

The Eighth Amendment Act was passed on 7 June 1988. It amended Articles 2, 3, 5, 30, and 100 of the Constitution. This Amendment:

declared Islam as the state religion;
decentralised the judiciary by setting up six permanent benches of the High Court Division outside Dhaka;
substituted the spelling 'Bengali' with 'Bangla', and 'Dacca' with 'Dhaka', in Article 5 of the Constitution;
amended Article 30 of the Constitution by prohibiting the acceptance of any title, honours, award, or decoration from any foreign state by any citizen of Bangladesh without the prior approval of the president.

The amendment of Article 100 was subsequently declared invalid by the Supreme Court, as it altered the basic structure of the constitution.

Ninth Amendment

The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act 1989 was passed on 11 July 1989. This amendment provided for the direct election of the Vice-President; it restricted a person in holding the office of the President for two consecutive terms of five years each; and it provided that a Vice-President might be appointed in case of a vacancy in the office of President, but that such an appointment must be approved by the Jatiya Sangsad.

Tenth Amendment

The Tenth Amendment Act was enacted on 12 June 1990. Amongst other things, it amended Article 65 of the Constitution, providing for the reservation of thirty seats in the Jatiya Sangsad exclusively for women members. The reservation was to last for 10 years, with the members holding the reserved seats to be elected by the members of the Sangsad.

Eleventh Amendment

The Eleventh Amendment Act was passed on 6 August 1991. It amended the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution by adding a new paragraph 21, validating the appointment and oath as Vice President of Shahabuddin Ahmed (Chief Justice of Bangladesh), and the resignation tendered to him on 6 December 1990 by the then President Hussain M Ershad. This Act ratified, confirmed and validated all powers exercised, all laws and ordinances promulgated, all orders made and acts and things done, and actions and proceedings taken by the Vice President as acting President from 6 December 1990 to 9 October 1991 (when Abdur Rahman Biswas became President following his election). The Act also confirmed and made possible the return of Vice President Shahabuddin Ahmed to his previous office as Chief Justice of Bangladesh.

Twelfth Amendment

The Twelfth Amendment Act, passed on 6 August 1991 and approved by referendum in September, brought about a fundamental change to Bangladesh's constitutional arrangements. It amended Articles 48, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 70, 72, 109, 119, 124, 141A, and 142 of the Constitution with the following results:

the parliamentary form of government was re-introduced;
the President became the constitutional head of the state;
the Prime Minister became the head of the executive;
the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister became responsible to the Jatiya Sangsad;
the position of Vice President was abolished;
the office of President now became elected by the members of the Jatiya Sangsad.

Through the amendment of Article 59 this amendment also ensured the participation of the people's representatives in local government bodies, thus stabilising the base of democracy in the country.

Thirteenth Amendment

The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act 1996 was passed on 26 March 1996. It provided for a non-party caretaker government which, acting as an interim government, would give all possible aid and assistance to the Election Commission for holding the general election of members of the Jatiya Sangsad peacefully, fairly and impartially. The non-party caretaker government, comprising the Chief Adviser and not more than 10 other advisers, would be collectively responsible to the president and would stand dissolved on the date on which the Prime Minister entered upon his office after the constitution of the new Sangsad.

Fourteenth Amendment

The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 2004 was passed on 16 May 2004. This amendment amended several articles of the Constitution:

a new Article 4A was inserted, for the preservation and display of the portraits of the President and the Prime Minister;
clause (3) of Article 65 was amended regarding the seats reserved exclusively for women members in the Parliament;
Articles 96 (1), 129, and 139 were amended to raise the retirement age of the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Auditor General, and the Chairman and other members of the Public Service Commission (PSC); and
Article 148 was amended, to provide for the administration of the oath to newly elected members of Parliament by the Chief Election Commissioner.

Fifteenth Amendment

This amendment primarily served to repeal aspects of the Fifth Amendment. Secularism in Bangladesh as prescribed in the constitution was never allowed to be practised after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League government. From November 1975 to 1977, when Bangladesh was under martial law, President and Chief Martial Law AdministratorLieutenant General Ziaur Rahman passed a presidential decree that removed the principle of secularism from the preamble of the constitution and set in "absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah". The decree was later legitimized by the second parliament of Bangladesh.

In February 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court observed that parliament does not possess any authority to suspend the constitution and proclaim martial law and, hence, it cannot legitimize actions of martial law regimes. The judgment paved the way for restoring the original four fundamental principles declared in the preamble of the constitution, including secularism.

The Supreme Court followed with a July 2010 ruling scrapping provisions which allowed political parties with a manifesto based on faith doctrine to flourish after 1979. As part of a series of rulings following from the February Supreme Court ruling, on 4 October 2010 the High Court ruled that Bangladesh is a secular state.

Sixteenth Amendment

Bangladesh Act No XIII of 2014 amended the Constitution of Bangladesh, empowering Parliament to impeach Supreme Court judges. Part VI, chapter one, article 96, of the Bangladesh Constitution, which includes provisions on the tenure of office of the Supreme Court judges, now states:

Subject to the other provisions of this article, a Judge shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-seven years.
A Judge shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed pursuant to a resolution of Parliament supported by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of Parliament, on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
Parliament may by law regulate the procedure in relation to a resolution under clause (2) and for investigation and proof of the misbehavior or incapacity of a Judge.
A Judge may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President. (The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (2014), Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division website.)

Before the adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment, articles 96 (2) and (3) of the Bangladesh Constitution under Part VI included a provision on impeachment carried out by the Supreme Judicial Council instead of the Parliament. It stated:

A judge shall not be removed from office except in accordance with the following provisions of this article.
There shall be a Supreme Judicial Council, in this article referred to as the Council, which shall consist of the Chief Justice of Bangladesh, and two next senior judges. (The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (2013), Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division website.)

The Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs had proposed the legislation, now adopted as law, that suggested replacement of sections 2 through 8 of article 96 with the sections 2, 3, and 4. The draft amendment was passed with a 327-0 vote, based on the recommendation of the Parliamentary Standing Committee.